Knowledge Center

Cryptography Knowledge Center

In-depth guides on post-quantum cryptography, NIST-standardized algorithms, threat models, and migration planning. Written for security engineers, architects, and enterprise decision-makers.

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Concepts9 min read

Post-Quantum Cryptography

A technical overview of PQC: what it replaces, why it matters, and how organizations migrate.

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Concepts6 min read

What Is Post-Quantum Cryptography?

A plain-language introduction to PQC, the NIST standards, and why the migration cannot wait.

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Concepts6 min read

What Is Crypto-Agility?

Why the ability to swap algorithms without redesigning systems is now a requirement, not a nice-to-have.

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Concepts6 min read

What Is a CBOM?

A Cryptography Bill of Materials is the starting point for every post-quantum migration program.

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Threats7 min read

What Is Harvest-Now-Decrypt-Later?

The quantum threat that is active today, not in the future.

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Algorithms7 min read

ML-KEM Explained

The NIST-standardized post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism that replaces ECDH and RSA key exchange.

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Algorithms7 min read

ML-DSA Explained

The NIST-standardized post-quantum digital signature algorithm that replaces ECDSA and RSA signatures.

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Algorithms7 min read

SLH-DSA Explained

The NIST-standardized hash-based signature algorithm that provides algorithm diversity independent of lattice assumptions.

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Standards8 min read

FIPS 203 and ML-KEM

ML-KEM is the NIST-standardized key encapsulation mechanism for post-quantum key establishment in TLS, VPNs, SSH, and other protocols.

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Standards8 min read

FIPS 204 and ML-DSA

ML-DSA is the primary NIST-standardized post-quantum digital signature algorithm for code signing, PKI, certificates, and authentication.

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Standards7 min read

FIPS 205 and SLH-DSA

SLH-DSA is NIST's hash-based post-quantum signature standard, offering conservative security properties ideal for root certificates and firmware signing.

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Standards10 min read

NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards

NIST finalized three post-quantum cryptography standards in August 2024 and selected two more for forthcoming standardization. This is what organizations need to know.

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Concepts9 min read

How Does Post-Quantum Migration Work?

Post-quantum migration is not a single software update. It is a multi-phase program that begins with cryptographic discovery and progresses through risk assessment, architecture changes, and ongoing governance.

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Migration9 min read

Post-Quantum Migration Assessment

A post-quantum migration assessment establishes your cryptographic baseline, quantifies HNDL exposure, and produces a prioritized roadmap before any migration work begins.

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Migration9 min read

Cryptographic Discovery and Inventory

You cannot migrate what you cannot find. Cryptographic discovery builds the inventory of algorithms, keys, and certificates that drives every subsequent migration decision.

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Migration8 min read

Risk-Based Migration Prioritization

Not all cryptographic assets are equally urgent. Risk-based prioritization sequences migration by data lifetime, system criticality, and HNDL exposure so resources go to the highest-impact systems first.

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Migration8 min read

Hybrid Cryptography Migration Strategy

Hybrid cryptography runs classical and post-quantum algorithms together in a single protocol. It is the recommended transition approach: quantum resistance now, without discarding classical interoperability.

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Migration10 min read

Post-Quantum Migration Roadmap

A post-quantum migration roadmap translates your cryptographic inventory and risk scores into a sequenced, phased plan with milestones, dependencies, and governance.

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Industry9 min read

Post-Quantum Cryptography for Financial Services

Financial institutions protect payment systems, settlement infrastructure, and transaction archives that face immediate harvest-now-decrypt-later risk. Migration requires coordinating across a deeply interconnected ecosystem.

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Industry9 min read

Post-Quantum Cryptography for Government

NSA CNSA 2.0 and OMB M-23-02 establish post-quantum migration requirements for US government systems. Federal agencies must inventory quantum-vulnerable cryptography and develop migration plans aligned with these directives.

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Industry8 min read

Post-Quantum Cryptography for Healthcare

Patient health records have multi-decade lifetimes and face immediate HNDL risk. Healthcare organizations must migrate to post-quantum cryptography before their long-lived PHI is compromised by future quantum decryption.

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Industry9 min read

Post-Quantum Cryptography for Critical Infrastructure

Critical infrastructure faces unique post-quantum migration challenges: long-lived operational technology, limited compute in embedded systems, and decades-long equipment lifecycles that make early planning essential.

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Industry8 min read

Post-Quantum Cryptography for Software and SaaS Providers

Software and SaaS providers must migrate code signing and update authentication urgently. Quantum attacks on these mechanisms could enable undetectable supply chain compromises.

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Standards covered in this center

NIST FIPS 203 (ML-KEM)NIST FIPS 204 (ML-DSA)NIST FIPS 205 (SLH-DSA)NSA CNSA 2.0OMB M-23-02NIST IR 8547CISA PQC Guidance

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